Research

The McCulloch Medical™ Constant Delivery™ Resuscitators have been tested and proven over 16 years at leading Universities around the world.

In 1994 testing of the prototype Calf Resuscitator began at Massey University Palmerston North New Zealand under the guidance of Professor Alan Alexander Director Animal Health Services Centre.  By early 1995 tests had determined that:

- The Resuscitator was able to inflate the lungs of neonatal and stillborn calves.
- Air flows well into the dorsal lung lobes but the weight of the heart and associated organs prevents the ventral lobes from expanding.  To correct this we suggest that calves be turned over after 4-5 inflations on one side.
- Air from the Resuscitator does enter the stomach causing this organ to blow up. The air can be expelled by simple external pressure (at the time of turning the calf). Alternatively if the operator is dexterous, or a second person is present, encircling the trachea at the base of the neck and squeezing has the effect of occluding the esophagus and preventing air from entering the stomach.  This allows a greater volume to enter the lungs.
- One person can operate the resuscitator effectively.
- Extending the calf's head (back) does appear to give air a more direct passage into the trachea and therefore this posture is recommended.

In 2002 after years of using the McCulloch Medical™ Constant Delivery™ Resuscitators with Calves, Lambs, Kids, Alpacas and Llamas, Dr. David Anderson, Associate Professor of Surgery, Food Animal, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, conducted a blood gas study to quantify the Resuscitators' efficacy as showing in graphs.

He concluded that ... "When properly applied this unit achieves excellent blood oxygenation. Proper use includes hyperextension of the head and neck to 'open' the glottis maximally. Mild compression of the esophagus also helps to minimize unintended distension of the stomach. I feel this device serves two functions:

1) Stimulation of the nasopharanx nerve endings, which stimulate breathing reflexes.

2) Delivery of a sufficient volume of air into the lungs to improve blood oxygenation. We use these devices routinely to stimulate newborn calves, lambs, kids alpacas and llamas when their breathing is insufficient on their own."

The McCulloch Medical™ Constant Delivery™ Resuscitators have been evaluated at many universities internationally including the following:

St. Lawrence College Kingston Ontario, Canada	Colorado State University Colorado, USA	University of Wisconsin Wisconsin, USA	University of Berne Switzerland University of California California, USA
University of Illinois Illinois, USA	Texas A&M University Texas, USA	Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana, USA	Massey University Palmerston North New Zealand
Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio, USA	University of Guelph Ontario, Canada	University of Georgia Georgia, USA	Royal Veterinary College UK